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- Skylab, AmericaÆs first manned space station, was designed to study the ability of humans
- to live and work in space over a prolonged period of time while conducting scientific
- observation of the Earth and Sun. Created during the heyday of the Apollo program,
- Skylab was assembled from the upper-stage of a Saturn V rocket, the booster used to
- launch Apollo spacecraft. This same launch vehicle was used to put the 84 ton station into
- an orbit measuring 275 by 269 miles at 50 degree inclination.
-
- The space station consisted of an orbital workshop 48 feet long and 21 feet in diameter
- where astronauts could eat, sleep, exercise, and work. A smaller docking adapter with an
- airlock gave astronauts access to docked spacecraft and outer space. A telescope mount
- on the docking adapter contained solar telescopes and Earth sensors; it also supported
- four solar arrays in a ôwindmillö configuration.
-
- Six photovoltaic arrays were to supply electricity to the station; however, during liftoff
- one large array was ripped off the side of the ascending Skylab along with a
- micrometeorite shield, intended to protect the living space from the heat of the Sun.
- Further, the remaining large solar ôwingö was stuck, leaving the station with very little
- power.
-
- Without its protective shield, the interior temperature of the station reached a dangerous
- 190 F. SkylabÆs first crew deployed a replacement sunshade made of nylon, mylar, and
- aluminum foil which cooled the orbital workshop. Two astronauts, Conrad and Kerwin,
- made a space-walk to release the stuck solar ôwingö to supply more power. After making
- the station habitable again, the crew conducted research on the Sun, capturing the first
- pictures of solar flares ever made from above the atmosphere.
-
- Three crews of three men each inhabited Skylab, ferried to the space station in Apollo
- Command Modules launched on Saturn 1-B rockets. These crews made the first truly
- long-duration missions in the American space program, acquiring experience on the
- problems of life in zero-g. Motion sickness hit four of the nine crewmen while in orbit,
- and sleeping was difficult due to noise made by the space station. Because of the
- workshopÆs low atmospheric pressure, crewmembers had to shout to be heard.
-
- After two of four thrusters on their Apollo Command Module failed, the second Skylab
- mission was almost aborted by Mission Control. However, a plan was devised for the safe
- return of the astronauts using the two good thrusters, and the astronauts stayed in orbit
- for several weeks. They collected data on land and water resources as well as performing
- experiments on the effects of microgravity.
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- The third crew of Skylab consisted of three rookies. The crew felt they were being
- pushed too hard by Mission Control and were uncooperative for some time. Eventually,
- they conducted much scientific research, including experiments in making metal alloys in
- zero-g. They observed the comet Kohoutek as it approached the Sun, and conducted
- more than 22 hours of Extra-Vehicular Activity, including a 7 hour EVA on Christmas
- Day, 1973.
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- Five years after the last crew left, Skylab descended back toward Earth. On July 11,
- 1979, the space station burned up while entering the EarthÆs atmosphere; some debris
- scattered over the Indian Ocean and western Australia. The project gathered an immense
- amount of scientific data, including more than 750,000 pictures of the Sun and 46,000
- photographs of the Earth, while providing essential information on humans living in space.
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